KINGS AND QUEENS OF SCOTLAND
Lists of Scottish Kings normally begin with Kenneth I (Kenneth MacAlpin), who traditionally united the Picts and Scots. However it is now accepted that  Pictavia and Dal Riata (the Scots) had been ruled by the same king on previous occasions. The first king to rule over both realms was ONUIST, son of Uurgust, king of the Picts from c.729 to 761, who conquered Dal Riata and by 736 ruled over both Picts and Scots.  Known in Gaelic as Oengus, son of Fergus and later translated in English to Angus, his authority began to ebb after 750, though whether this involved losing authority over Dal Riata is uncertain. Certainly after his death, the kingdoms separated and a period of instability ensued lasting in Pictavia till 789 and Dal Riata till 811.
Another strong ruler  CONSTANTIN, son of a different Uurgust, became King of the Picts in 789 and in 811 established his rule over Dal Riata where he was recorded as CUSTANTIN, son of Fergus. His father, Uurgust  may have been a son of Ungus. Since he successfully bequeathed his authority to other members of his family which was only broken by a massive defeat by the Vikings, and there was only a short period between that battle and Kenneth Mac Alpin's succession, it seems reasonable to begin the list with Constantine.
Regnal Numbers: Where, after the Union with England in 1707, the official regnal number disagrees from that which would be correct in counting kings or queens of Scotland, the official number is given in quotation marks, and the number which would be appropriate to Scotland in brackets. Thus William "IV" (III) indicates that the king was known as William IV but was only the third King William to reign in  Scotland. The regnal numbers currently used for some early kings differ from those used by Victorian historians. The Victorian number for the Constantines is shown in brackets, so the king now known as Constantine II but formerly referred to as Constantine III is shown as Constantine II (III).
Dynasties are shown in in different colours as listed at the bottom of the page
Wives and Husbands of Monarchs who bore the title of Queen or King are shown in capitals.
No.	MONARCH	GENEALOGY	DATE OF BIRTH	ACCESSION	END OF REIGN	LENGTH OF REIGN	NOTES ON DEATH, DEPOSITION AND ABDICATION	MARRIED
	CONSTANTINE (I)	son of Uurgust (or Fergus)		811	820	9yrs
	[Caustantin mac Fergusa]
	Note:  a strong case has been made that Donald (or Domnall), son of King Constantine and brother of King Angus ruled Dal Riata  as a subordinate king between 811 and 835
	ANGUS (or ONUIST or UNGUS)	son of Uurgust (or Fergus)		820	834	14yrs
	[Oengus mac Fergusa]
	DREST	son of Constantine (I)
	[Drest mac Caustantin]				late 836	3yrs
	and			834	or	(approx)
	TALORCAN	son of Uuthoil			early 837
	Note: Aed, son of Boanta ruled Dal Riata from 835 to 839, subordinate to Uuen from 837 but the relationship between 835 and 837 is unclear
	UUEN	son of King Angus (or Onuist)		late 836 or	late 839	3yrs	killed with his brother, Bran and Aed, son of Boanta, in battle against the vikings
	[Eoganan mac Oengusa]			early 837		(approx)
	WRAD (or FERAT)	son of Bargoit		c839	c842	c 3yrs
						(approx)
	BRED (or BRUDE)	son of Wrad (or Ferat)		c842	c842	1mth
	Note: Some sources record there were three further Kings of the Picts after Bred, son of Wrad, but before Kenneth, son of Alpin; i.e. Kyneth(Kenneth), son of Ferat(c842-843); Brude, son of Fochel(c843-845); Drust, son of Ferat (c845-847). On the other hand, Kenneth, son of Alpin is recorded as being king of Dal Riata for two years before becoming  King of the Picts (c840-842). This indicates that the period 839-847 was either one of confusion and instability or a period of divided rule.
1	KENNETH I	son of Alpin		c842	Feb 858	16 yrs	died of a tumour
	[Cinaed mac Ailpin]					(approx)
2	DONALD I	son of Alpin and brother		858	13 Apr 862	4 yrs
	[Domnall mac Ailpin]	of Kenneth I
3	CONSTANTINE I (II)	son of Kenneth I		862	877	15 yrs	killed in battle against Vikings
	[Custantin mac Cinaeda]
4	AED	son of Kenneth I		877	878	1 yr	killed in battle by Giric
	[Aed mac Cinaeda]
5	GIRIC	son of Dungal,  who is now generally accepted not to have been Donald I		878	889	11 yrs	died or expelled
	[Giric mac Dungail]
	and/ or possibly
	EOCHA	son of  Rhun, king of Strathclyde and reputed to have been a grandson of Kenneth I through his mother		878	889	11 yrs	expelled
	[Eocha ap Rhun]
6	DONALD II	son of Constantine I		889	900	11 yrs	killed at Dunnottar
	[Domnall mac Custantin]
7	CONSTANTINE II (III)	son of Aed		900	943	43 yrs	abdicated , died 952, aged 74+
	[Custantin mac Aeda]
8	MALCOLM I	son of Donald II		943	954	11 yrs	killed by men of the Mearns,
	[Mael Coluim mac Domnaill]						aged 54+
9	INDULF	son of Constantine II		954	962	8 yrs	killed by Vikings
	[Illiub mac Custantin]
10	DUBH	son of Malcolm I		early 962	? 20 July 966	4 yrs 6 mths	killed by people of Moray
	[Dub mac Mael Choluim]					(approx)
11	CULEN	son of Indulf		mid/late 966	early/mid 971	4 yrs 6 mths	killed by Britons
	[Culen mac Illiub]					(approx)
12	KENNETH II	son of Malcolm I		early/mid 971	mid 995	24 yrs 2 mths	murdered at Fettercairn	a woman of Leinster
	[Cinead mac Mael Choluim]					(approx)
	Note: There is  a record of Amlaib (Olaf), son of Indulf, King of Scotland, being killed  by Kenneth II in 977. This may indicate a disputed succession or divided rule between 971 and 977.
13	CONSTANTINE III (IV)	son of Culen		mid 995	early 997	1 yr 6ths	killed in battle by rebels
	[Custantin mac Culein]					(approx)
14	KENNETH III	son of Dubh		early 997	early 1005	8 yrs	killed in battle against the future
	[Cinead mac Duib]						Malcolm II at Monzievard
	Note: Some lists show a "Giric" son of Kenneth III reigning between 997 and 1005. This is now generally accepted to be a misreading of the original source documents.
15	MALCOLM II	son of Kenneth II	c 954	Mar 1005	25 Nov 1034	29 yrs 8mths	died aged 80 (or more)
	[Mael Coluim mac Cinaeda]
16	DUNCAN I	son of Bethoc,daughter	c 1001	30 Nov 1034	14 Aug 1040	5 yrs 258dys	killed by Macbeth, aged c39	c 1030 Suthen, a cousin of Siward, Earl of Northumbria
	[Donnchad mac Crinain]	of Malcolm II
17	MACBETH	son of Findlaec, mormear of Moray. Possibly a grandson of Malcolm II though the evidence is doubtful	c1005	Aug/Sep 1040	5 Dec 1057	17 yrs 4mths	killed at Essie in battle against the future Malcolm III. However he may have abdicated in December 1057 and been killed in August 1058, aged c53.	c1032 GRUOCH, widow of Gillacomgan, mormaer of Moray; and daughter of Bethoc, son of Kenneth III or Kenneth II
	[Mac Bethad mac Findlaech]
18	LULACH	son of Gillacomgan, mormaer of Moray; and Gruoch, daughter of Bodhe, son of Kenneth III or Kenneth II	c1032	? 8 Dec 1057	23 Apr 1058	c136dys	killed at Dumphanan in battle against the future Malcolm III, aged c25	Finnghuala, daughter of Sinhill. mormaer of Angus
	[Lulach mac Gillai Coemgain]
19	MALCOLM III	son of Duncan I	c1031	25 Apr 1058	13 Nov 1093	35 yrs 202dys	killed in battle against the English at Alnwick, aged c62	1)c1059 INGIBJORG, widow or possibly daughter of Thorfinn. Earl of Orkney
	[Mael Coluim mac
	Donnchada]							2)c 1068 MARGARET,daughter of Edward Atheling, son of Edward, king of England (d1093)
20	DONALD III	son of Duncan I	c 1033	Nov 1093	May 1094	0 yrs 6mths	deposed by Duncan II	unknown
	[Domnal mac Donnchada]						see below
21	DUNCAN II	son of Malcolm III by Ingibjorg	c1060	May 1094	12 Nov 1094	0 yrs 6mths	killed by the Mormaer (Earl) of the Mearns, aged c 34	c1090 ETHELREDA (or OCTREDA), daughter of Earl Cospatric of Dunbar
	DONALD III	son of Duncan I	c 1033	Nov 1094	Oct 1097	2 yrs 11mths	deposed by Edgar	unknown
	(restored)					(total =	died c1099, aged c66
						3yrs 5mths)
22	EDGAR	son of Malcolm III by Margaret	c1074	Oct 1097	8 Jan 1107	9 yrs 3 mths	died, unmarried, aged c32	unmarried
23	ALEXANDER I	son of Malcolm III by Margaret	c1077	Jan 1107	23 Apr 1124	17yrs 3mths	died, aged c46, leaving no children	c1110 SYBILLA, illegit. daughter of Henry I of England (d1122)
24	DAVID I	son of Malcolm III by Margaret	c1080	Apr/May 1124	24 May 1153	29yrs 1mth	died,aged c73	c1113/4 MATILDA, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland (d c1130/1)
25	MALCOLM IV	eldest son of Henry, son of David I	20 Mar 1142	27 May 1153	9 Dec 1165	12yrs 196dys	died,unmarried, possibly from Paget's disease and bone sarcoma, aged 23	unmarried
26	WILLIAM I	second son of Henry,son of David I	1143	24 Dec 1165	4 Dec 1214	48yrs 345dys	died, possibly of the plague, aged 71	1186 ERMENGARDE, daughter of Richard,vicecomes de Bellemomt (d 1233)
27	ALEXANDER II	only son of William I	24 Aug 1198	6 Dec 1214	8 Jul 1249	34yrs 214dys	died of a fever, aged 50	1) 1221 JOAN, daughter of John of England (d 1234)
								2) 1239 MARIE, daughter of Enguerande, baron of Courcy
28	ALEXANDER III	only son of Alexander II	4 Sep 1241	13 Jul 1249	19 Mar 1286	36 yrs 249dys	died from falling from his horse over a cliff at Kinghorn, aged 44	1)1251 MARGARET, daughter of Henry III of England (d1275)
								2) 1284 YOLANDE de Dreux, comtesse de Montfort (d c1323)
29	MARGARET	only child of Margaret, only daughter of Alexander III. Only surviving descendant of William I	1283	28 Apr 1286	c26Sep1290	4yrs 151 dys	died before arriving in Scotland, aged 7	unmarried
						(approx)
	Note: The status of Margaret is open to question. The oath taken by parliament on 28 April 1296 was to Alexander III's heir, either to Margaret or to a possible posthumous son since Queen Yolande was pregnant. It may therefore be argued that Margaret (the Maid of Norway) did not accede till the failure of the queen's pregnancy in November 1286. It should also be noted that there were only two occasions on record when she was called Queen in Scotland, although England and Norway recognised her as queen. In Scotland she was generally called "our lady".
	Interregnum			c26 Sep 1290	17 Nov 1292
30	JOHN	only surviving son of Devorguilla, daughter of Margaret, eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon, third and youngest son of Henry, son of David I	c1250	17 Nov 1292	10 Jul 1296	3yrs 236dys	forced to abdicate by Edward I of England.	c1280 ISABELLA, daughter of John de Warrenne, earl of Surrey
							died April 1313, aged c63
	Interregnum			10 Jul 1296	27 Mar 1306
31	ROBERT I	eldest son of Robert,Earl of Carrick, son of Robert, Lord of Annandale, son of Isabella, second daughter of David, earl of Huntingdon, third and youngest son of Henry, son of David I	11 Jul 1274	27 Mar 1306	7 Jun 1329	23yrs 72dys	died, possibly of leprosy, aged 54	1)c1295 Isabella, daughter of Donald, Earl of Mar
								2) ELIZABETH de Burgh, daughter of Richard,Earl of Ulster (d1327)
32	DAVID II	only surviving son of Robert I	5 Mar 1324	7 Jun 1329	22 Feb 1371	41yrs 260dys	died suddenly aged 46, leaving no legitimate children	1) 1328 JOANNA, daughter of Edward II of England (d1362)
								2) 1366 MARGARET, daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond (divorced 1370, d1375)
33	ROBERT II	only child of Marjorie, eldest daughter of Robert I	2 Mar 1316	22 Feb 1371	19 Apr 1390	19yrs 56dys	died aged 74	1)c1347 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Adam Mure
								2)c1355 EUPHEMIA, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Ross (d1387)
34	ROBERT  III	eldest son of Robert II	c1337	19 Apr 1390	4 Apr 1406	15yrs 350dys	died aged c69 possibly due to refusing to eat after hearing of son's capture by the English	c1367 ANABELLA,daughter of Sir John Drummond(d1401)
35	JAMES I	only surviving son of Robert III	25 Jul 1394	4 Apr 1406	21 Feb 1437	30yrs 323dys	murdered by the Earl of Atholl and associates, aged 42	1424 JOAN, daughter of John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset (d1445)
36	JAMES II	only surviving son of   James I	16 Oct 1430	21 Feb 1437	3 Aug 1460	23yrs 164 dys	accidentally killed by exploding cannon,aged 29	1449 MARIE,daughter of Arnold, duc de Gueldres (b1433  d1463)
37	JAMES III	eldest son of James II	May 1452	3 Aug 1460	11 Jun 1488	27yrs 313dys	murdered by an unidentified man after the Battle of Sauchiburn, aged 36	1469 MARGARET, daughter of Charles I of Brunswick,( b1456 d1486)
38	JAMES IV	eldest son of James III	17 Mar 1473	11 Jun 1488	9 Sep 1513	25yrs 90dys	killed at Battle of Flodden against England, aged 40	1503 MARGARET, daughter of Henry VII of England (b1489 d1541)
39	JAMES V	only surviving son of   James IV	10 Apr 1512	9 Sep 1513	14 Dec 1542	29yrs 96dys	died from dysentry or cholera, aggravated by severe depression, aged 30	1) 1537 MADELEINE, daugter of Francis I of France (b1520 d1537)
								2) 1538 MARY, daughter of Claude, duc de Guise (b1515 d1560)
40	MARY I	only surviving child of James V	8 Dec 1542	14 Dec 1542	24 Jul 1567	24yrs 222dys	forced to abdicate by rebel lords. Executed by Elizabeth I of England 8 Feb 1567, aged 44	1)1559 FRANCIS II of France (b 1544 d1560)
								2)1565 HENRY, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, son of Matthew, Earl of Lennox (b1545 murdered1567)
41	JAMES VI	only child of Mary I	19 Jun 1566	24 Jul 1567	27 Mar 1625	57yrs 246dys	died of kidney failure, aged 58	1589 ANNE daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway (b1574 d1619)
42	CHARLES I	only surviving son of James V1	19 Nov 1600	27 Mar 1625	30 Jan 1649	23yrs 309dys	executed by English army, aged 48	1625 HENRIETTA MARIA,  daughter of Henry IV of France (b1609 d1669)
43	CHARLES II	eldest surviving son of Charles I	29 May 1630	30 Jan 1649	3 Sep 1651	2 yrs 216dys	deposed by English army at battle of Worcester	see below
	Interregnum			3 Sep 1651	14 May 1660
	CHARLES II	''	''	14 May 1660	6 Feb 1685	24 yrs 268dys	died of uraemia and food [mercurial] poisoning, aged 54, leaving no legitimate children	1662 CATHERINE,daughter of John, Duke of Braganza (b1638 d1705)
	(restored)					(total =
						27 yrs 119dys)
44	JAMES VII	second surviving son of Charles I	14 Oct 1633	6 Feb 1685	4 Apr 1689	4yrs 57dys	deposed by the Estates.	1)1658 Anne,daughter of Edward Hyde (b 1637 d 1671)
							died of a cerebral haemorage 6 Sep 1701, aged 67
								2)1673  MARY, daughter of Alfonso IV, duke of Modena (b1658  d1718)
45	MARY II	older surviving daughter of James VII.	30 Apr 1662	11 Apr 1689	28 Dec 1694	5yrs 261dys	died of smallpox and pneumonia, aged 32, leaving no children	1677 WILLIAM II
		Wife of William II
	and
	WILLIAM II	only son of Mary,elder daughter of Charles I.	4 Nov1650	11 Apr 1689	8 Mar 1702	12yrs331dys	died from pleuro-pneumonia following fracture of right collar-bone caused by falling from his horse, aged 51, leaving no children.	1677 MARY II
		Husband of Mary II
46	ANNE	younger surviving daughter of James VII	6 Feb 1665	8 Mar 1702	1 Aug 1714	12yrs 146dys	died of a cerebral haemorage, aged 49, leaving no children	1683 George, son of Frederick III of Denmark (b1653 d1708)
47	GEORGE I	eldest son of Sophia, youngest daughter of Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James VI	28 May 1660	1 Aug 1714	11 Jun 1727	12yrs 314dys	died of a heart attack, aged 67	1682 Sophia  Dorothea, daughter of George, duke of Luneburg-Celle (divorced 1694) (b1666 d1726)
48	GEORGE II	only son of George II	30 Oct 1683	11 Jun 1727	25 Oct 1760	33yrs 125dys	died of a heart attack, aged 76	1705 CAROLINE, daughter of John, margrave of Brandenburg-Auspach (b1683 d1737)
49	GEORGE III	eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, elder son of George II	24 May 1738	25 Oct 1760	29 Jan 1820	59yrs 96dys	died of old age, aged 81	1761 SOPHIA CHARLOTTE, daughter of Charles, duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b1744 d1818)
50	GEORGE IV	eldest son of George III	12 Aug 1762	29 Jan 1820	26 Jun 1830	10yrs 148dys	died of rupture of stomach blood vessels and alcoholic cirrhosis, aged 67, leaving no legitimate children.	1795 CAROLINE, daughter of Charles, duke of Brunswick  (b1768  d1821)
51	WILLIAM "IV" (III)	third and eldest surviving son of George III	21 Aug 1765	26 Jun 1830	20 Jun 1837	6yrs 359dys	died of pneumonia and alcoholic cirrhosis, aged 71, leaving no legitimate children	1818 ADELAIDE, daughter of George, duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b1792 d1849)
52	VICTORIA	only child of Edward, duke of Kent and Strathearn, fourth son of George III	24 May 1819	20 Jun 1837	22 Jan 1901	63yrs 216dys	died of old age, aged 81	1840 Albert, son of Ernest, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, created Prince Consort 1857 (b1816 d1861)
53	EDWARD ''VII''(I)	eldest son of Victoria	9 Nov 1841	22 Jan 1901	6 May 1910	9yrs 104dys	died of bronchitis, aged 68	1863 ALEXANDRA, daughter of Charles IX of Brunswick (b1844 d1925)
54	GEORGE V	eldest son of Edward VII	3 Jun 1865	6 May 1910	20 Jan 1936	25yrs 259dys	died of bronchitis, together with morphine and cocaine injected by his doctor Lord Dawson, aged 70	1893 MARY, daughter of Francis, duke of Teck (b1867 d1953)
55	EDWARD ''VIII''(II)	eldest son of George V	23 Jun 1894	20 Jan 1936	11 Dec 1936	0yrs 326dys	abdicated voluntarily.	1937 Wallis Warfield, former wife of Ernest Simpson (b1896 d1986)
							died of throat cancer 28 May 1972, aged 77, leaving no children
56	GEORGE VI	second son of George V	14 Dec 1895	11 Dec 1936	6 Feb 1952	15yrs 57dys	died of lung cancer, aged 56	1923 ELIZABETH, daughter of Claude, Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (b1900 d2002)
57	ELIZABETH ''II''	elder daughter of George VI	21 Apr 1926	6 Feb 1952	present	67yrs +		1948 Philip Mountbatten, son of Prince Andrew of Greece, created Duke of Edinburgh 1948 (b1921    )
Dynasties are shown in in different colours as follows:
	The House of Fergus or Uurgust (811-834 and 837-839) is in pink
	The House of Alpin (The Alpinids) ( c842-878 and 889-1034) is in dark red
	The House of Dunkeld or Crinan (1034-1040 and 1058-1286) is in green
	The House of Moray (1040-1058) is in light blue
	The House of Norway (1286-1290) is in violet
	The House of Baliol (1292-1296) is in olive green
	The House of Bruce (1306-1371) is in red
	The House of Stewart or Stuart (1371-1694 and 1702-1714) is in blue. Note that the direct senior line ended with Mary I but because she married another member of the House of Stuart by whom she had her son, her descendants were also Stuarts. The spelling change also ocurred about this time probably due to French influence.
	The House of Orange (1689-1702) is in orange
	The House of Hanover (1714-1901) is in brown
	The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901-1917) is in orange-red
	The House of Windsor (1917-present) is in purple, but note that George V belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg -Gotha till 17 July 1917 when he proclaimed that he and his descendants would be known as the House of Windsor.
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